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Tal como hay varias formas de creer en Dios, hay varias formas de ser ateo. Una de estas formas es la posición naturalista, que considera al universo libre de elementos sobrenaturales. Lo contrario de esta posición es creer que existen fenómenos naturales y fenómenos sobrenaturales que interactúan para crear la realidad. Pero los fenómenos sobrenaturales son algo extraordinario que por lo tanto requeriría evidencia extraordinaria para ser creíble. Esta evidencia aún no ha sido presentada.
La posición naturalista no asume que todo tenga una explicación racional (porque no todo lo verdadero es demostrable), ni menos que alguna vez podamos encontrar la explicación a todo. Simplemente, es innecesario introducir elementos sobrenaturales en las explicaciones (incompletas) que tenemos del mundo. En una ocasión Napoléon le preguntó a Laplace por qué su tratado de astronomía no mencionaba a Dios. La respuesta de Laplace fue: "No he tenido necesidad de esa hipótesis".
El dualismo, por otra parte, es que el mundo contiene dos clases de substancia, por ejemplo: espíritu y materia. Por ejemplo, cuando se piensa sobre los seres vivos, una de las primeras dudas que puede surgir es si ellos están hechos del mismo material que las cosas inertes.
Hay varias maneras de formular precisamente esta pregunta. En el libro "Un Puente Para dos Miradas", el Dalai Lama discute sobre neurociencia con diferentes científicos, entre ellos, el neurobiólogo Francisco Varela. Establecen la discusión, claramente, en estos términos:
DL: A nivel de las partículas más diminutas, átomos y partículas subatómicas, ¿existe realmente una distinción entre las cosas totalmente inertes o inanimadas, como las rocas por una parte, y la carne, por otra?
El contexto de esta pregunta son una serie de discusiones sobre neurociencia que se recopilan en el libro. Quien contesta es el neurobiólogo Francisco Varela:
FV: Ninguna, en absoluto. Lo que hace que una célula esté viva no son las moléculas que la componen, sino el patrón con que estas moléculas se ensamblan. Similarmente, lo que hace que un grupo de neuronas ejecute un comportamiento no son las neuronas propiamente tales, sino la manera en que éstas se agrupan. Este es un punto fundamental para los científicos: no son los componentes, sino el patrón de conexiones lo que confiere una nueva propiedad. De manera que la vida es una propiedad emergente de un patrón de moléculas. El comportamiento es una propiedad emergente de un patrón de neuronas. El lenguaje es una propiedad emergente de la sociedad.
Es normal que un hombre inteligente como el Dalai Lama plantee la duda. Además de lo difícil que es concebir el mecanismo mediante el cual lo vivo puede estar hecho de lo inerte, la mayoría de las religiones plantean la existencia de sustancias de naturaleza no-física que habitan los cuerpos (sobre todo los cuerpos humanos).
La inteligencia, la conciencia y la libertad
Actualmente la mayoría de las personas que hayan estado despiertos durante algunas clases de biología rechazaría de plano la idea de que la vida requiera de un ingrediente secreto especial. Pero entre ellos aún habrían algunos que se aferran a ideas sobrenaturales. Uno de los aspectos fundamentales en que muchos se niegan a dejar de lado los aspectos sobrenaturales es la inteligencia humana y la experiencia de tener un "yo". Daniel Dennett lo describe así [*]:
Hay personas que se burlan del creacionismo, desestiman el dualismo de plano, juran obediencia al humanismo académico, pero luego se escurren cuando alguien propone una teoría darwiniana de la inteligencia creativa. La idea de que todas las obras del genio humano puedan ser entendidas al final como productos generados de manera mecánica mediante algoritmos de ensayo y error despierta un profundo rechazo en muchos que en otros aspectos son gente perspicaz y de mentalidad abierta.
Pero la inteligencia y la conciencia son también fenómenos naturales. En su libro Freedom Evolves (Penguin Books, 2003), Dennett expone una teoría evolutiva de la conciencia y del libre albedrío como fenómenos naturales. Su teoría no requiere sustancias inmateriales habitando nuestros cerebros y tomando decisiones, sino solamente procesos naturales. Es fácil ver por qué estas ideas generan rechazo:
Supongamos que había una vez en que la gente creía que por medio de una flecha invisible de un dios volador, ocurría una especie de inoculación que causaba que la gente se enamorara. Y supongamos que algún científico aguafiestas viniera y les mostrara que esto simplemente no es verdad: no existen estos dioses voladores.
En estas circunstancias, alguien podría decir "el científico ha demostrado que nadie nunca se enamora, nunca en realidad". Pero no es cierto: el amor es muy real, y también estar enamorado. Simplemente no es lo que la gente solía creer. Es igual de bueno, y tal vez más, que antes. El verdadero amor no involucra dioses voladores.
Pasa lo mismo con el libre albedrío. Si eres uno de los que cree que el libre albedrío es solamente realmente libre si sale de algún alma inmaterial que habita en tu cerebro, disparando flechas de decisión hacia tu corteza motora, entonces, dado lo que tú crees que es el libre albedrío, mi visión es que no hay libre albedrío. Si, por otra parte, piensas que el libre albedrío puede ser moralmente relevante sin ser algo sobrenatural, entonces mi visión es que el libre albedrío es de hecho algo real, pero no eso que tú probablemente pensabas que era.
La inteligencia y la conciencia son fenómenos naturales. No dependen de las sustancias en que ocurren, sino de los patrones que ellas forman. Y sí, la conciencia es "simplemente" un patrón, tal como una sinfonía es "simplemente" un conjunto de vibraciones en el aire, o el océano es "simplemente" una colección de gotas de agua. No hay que tener miedo a abandonar lo sobrenatural. El entender que los humanos somos parte de la naturaleza hace aún más interesante a nuestra especie, y no nos disminuye en lo más mínimo.
Fuentes: Snopes, TheBrights.net, Tufts.edu. Fotos: Upaya @ Flickr (Copyrighted), The Brights' Bumper Stickers
Daniel Dennett: "Freedom Evolves", Penguin Books, 2003.
Francisco Varela y Jeremy Hayward (eds.): "Un puente para dos miradas", Granica, 2007.
Carlos Castillo — Investigador en el área de minería de datos y búsqueda, en la web y redes sociales. Doctor en ciencias de la computación, Universidad de Chile. Más información » Follow @ChaToX
Ateismo com creencia
Yo personalmente soy ateo y como plantean los naturalistas, no creo en la existencia de elementos sobrenaturales en el universo.
Pero como ateo también reconozco que hay diferentes formas de serlo y lo que realmente me cuesta entender es al ateo radical que ocupa la posición extrema opuesta al fanático religioso pero que en el fondo son más parecidos que diferentes.
Esto lo digo por que yo considero mi ateismo como una creencia más, basandome en el mismo termino que se atribuyen los deistas: "CREYENTE".
Un deista se considera a sí mismo creyente porque "cree" en la existencia de un dios o de varios según su religión. Mientras este deista no sea un fanático, admitirá que usa el termino creyente porque acepta la falta de certeza referente a la existencia de este o estos dioses y frente a este desconocimiento el opta por creer que existe algo, osea Dios.
En el caso de los agnosticos, se paran frente a esta misma situación y deciden dar un paso al costado y dejarla pasar, no es tema de ellos la existencia o no existencia de ese algo al que algunos llaman Dios; pero para algunos ateos, entre los que me encuentro, esta situación de falta de certeza también se nos hace presente pero decidimos "creer" que no existe ente o fuerza sobrenatural alguna, que en realidad, como dijo Laplace, no es necesaria esta hipótesis, pero así mismo no podemos negarla ya que si no podemos confirmar la existencia de Dios, sería muy poco serio el negarla por falta de pruebas.
En el fondo nadie sabe si Dios existe, ólo podemos creer que sí o que no.
Muy buen tema y espero que se siga discutiendo con el repeto necesario para las diversas posturas.
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El derecho a pensar distinto
En la diversidad está la riqueza, y para quienes aman la ciencia y la siguen, dicha diversidad abre puertas para mover sus límites. Porque, ¿qué movimiento se va a producir si todos piensan igual?
¿Dónde estarán en 500 años los límites de los fenómenos que observamos y creemos entender hoy?
¿Cómo definiremos inteligencia, o conciencia, o fenómeno natural?
Bien por las definiciones que a cada uno le permitan dormir tranquilo en las noches, siempre y cuando esas definiciones no afecten los derechos de otros. Del artículo, me parece que Varela puede haber quedado tan conforme con su respuesta como el Dalai Lama planteando la pregunta. ¿Prefieres una buena respuesta o una buena pregunta? Supongo que para ambas existe un momento.
Saludos.
---
Verónica Achá Alvarez
Quemador de BIblias
NI ateo ni creyente ni agnostico, quemador de bilias es mi religion
Sólo para aprender algo nuevo: ¿Biblia o biblia?
¿Te refieres a la "Sagrada Escritura, o sea los libros canónicos del Antiguo y Nuevo Testamento"? Porque en ese caso tengo claro el límite de tu hoguera.
¿o te refieres a una "Obra que reúne los conocimientos o ideas relativos a una materia y que es considerada por sus seguidores modelo ideal? En este caso podría ser cualquier cosa, incluyendo el diccionario de la RAE desde donde saqué estas definiciones.
¿o te refieres a una Bebida compuesta por huevo, canela y vino dulce? Porque esto suena bien.
No es lo mismo quemar Biblias que biblias, y si estás en Bolivia, también tendrías que aclarar a qué biblia te refieres :)
Saludos.
---
Verónica Achá Alvarez
¿Ateo... o agnóstico?
A pesar de que es cierto que hasta hoy no se han precisado fenómenos o ingredientes sobrenaturales para explicar los fenómenos naturales, en mi percepción existe una cierta soberbia de la comunidad científica respecto de esta exclusión. Siento que es algo así como una muestra de seriedad el declararse ateo. A pesar de que la sola definición de las palabras (ateo -> dios -> Ser supremo -> ...) no nos ayuda mucho, me parece que 'ateo' debería usarse para designar aquellas personas que niegan la existencia completa de elementos sobre- o (mejor) meta-naturales, dejando el término 'agnóstico' (-> agnosticismo) para aquellos que sin pronunciarse sobre la posibilidad de la existencia de elementos meta-naturales, creen que estos se encuentran más allá de la posibilidad de comprensión humana (ver artículo en Wikipedia al respecto).
En lo muy personal, pienso que dado que no es posible demostrar la existencia o inexistencia de fenómenos meta-naturales, es simplemente una decisión personal el creer o no en esta existencia (es decir, es un problema de Fe en el sentido de confianza absoluta). Dicho de otra forma: me siento inclinado a creer que existen ciertos fenómenos, objetos o incluso seres meta-naturales. Sin embargo, sin necesariamente atribuir causas meta-naturales a fenómenos físicos, pienso que ambas realidades pueden convivir paralelamente y dar origen a ciertos fenómenos en conjunto (i.e., con interacciones a algún nivel o de algún tipo). ¿De qué tipo? ¿A qué nivel? ¿De qué forma? No lo sé. "Pero Tama, algo que no pertenece al universo físico no puede tener ninguna clase de influencia o causalidad sobre el mundo físico". Eeehh ... tal vez. No quiero afirmar, junto con el ictiólogo, que no existen peces de menos de 20 centímetros sólo porque mi red no los captura.
—
Cristian 'Tama' Bravo-Lillo
Agnóstico / Ateo
Para mí los agnósticos incluyen a los que creen que la cuestión de lo sobre-natural: (i) no tiene respuesta, (ii) no es relevante, (iii) no es una pregunta bien planteada, (iv) no es una pregunta que convenga responder, etc.
Creo que hay ciertas cosas respecto a las que uno puede ser derechamente ateo, aunque no pueda demostrar la no-existencia. Si alguien me dice que hay una tetera de porcelana que gira alrededor del Sol en una órbita elíptica entre la Tierra y Marte, yo digo que no, o si quieres ser más preciso: que es tan improbable que exista algo así que puedo actuar para todos los efectos prácticos asumiendo que no existe. Eso es ser ateo, no es creer que uno puede demostrar una no-existencia.
—ChaTo
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