Subrepresentación femenina en ciencia y tecnología
Plantear una discusión respecto de la participación femenina en la vida pública puede llegar a ser tan complejo como discutir sobre política o religión. Mientras algunos lo creen suficientemente relevante como para crear grupos de interés, organizaciones y políticas especiales, otros, mujeres y hombres, lo rechazan o desestiman.
En mi opinión, el que los datos muestren una subrepresentación femenina en diversos ámbitos públicos, merece un análisis.
Un dato concreto es el ingreso de mujeres a carreras de ingeniería. No tengo las cifras para otras escuelas pero en el año de mi ingreso, la Escuela de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Chile registró 97 mujeres entre las 643 personas que ingresaron al plan común, es decir, sólo un 15,1%. Considerando las cifras desde 1985, el ingreso femenino ha variado desde un mínimo de 13,9% en 1986, hasta un máximo de 22,3% en el año 1999, manteniéndose bajo el 20% durante esta última década.
El mismo fenómeno se advierte en el estudio de indicadores de productividad por género en algunas disciplinas del área científica y tecnológica (Conicyt - Krauskopf, E.) [PDF]. El trabajo se focalizó en el aporte que han realizado los investigadores en Chile en las siguientes disciplinas ISI: Biología Molecular y Genética, Bioquímica y Biofísica, Inmunología, Neurociencias y conducta, Química orgánica/Cs. de Polímeros, Ingeniería Matemática, Lenguaje y Lingüística, Economía. Como se puede observar en la gráfico adjunto, la participación femenina en la producción de publicaciones científicas es muy pequeña.
Las razones que llevan a las mujeres a optar por carreras alejadas de las ciencias y tecnologías no están del todo claras. Qué hace que una niña desarrolle o no sus habilidades en ciencias y matemáticas no es evidente, pero mucho se especula al respecto. Algunos todavía piensan que es un tema de capacidad. Para otros es un tema cultural. Muchos pensarán que es simplemente un asunto de opción personal. Pero, ¿es eso realmente cierto?, ¿o hay algo en el entorno de esas niñas que las lleva a elegir otras disciplinas en lugar de ciencias o matemáticas?, y ¿cuál es la pérdida en términos globales para la humanidad?
No tengo tampoco respuestas a esas preguntas, pero sí tengo claro que otros se han dado al trabajo de eliminar cualquier tipo de discriminación entre las personas, incluyendo entre ellas la discriminación por género, como una forma de contar con una sociedad más igualitaria, y en algún sentido, más justa.
En particular respecto de este tema, en Estados Unidos una enmienda conocida como Title IX Education Amendments of 1972 establece que “Ninguna persona en los Estados Unidos será, con base en su sexo, excluida de la participación en, se le negaran los beneficios de, o será sujeto de discriminación en ningún programa o actividad que reciba asistencia económica federal.”, es decir, aplica a casi todos.
Esa distinción le ha permitido observar el fenómeno y generar estadísticas para evaluar los logros y falencias de la enmienda IX, como la incursión cada vez más igualitaria de la mujer en la universidad, alcanzando igual proporción a nivel de bachilletaro, o la existencia de un gap a nivel de posgrado.
Si el análisis se hace respecto de las disciplinas seguidas por hombres y mujeres, lo que se observa es una baja participación femenina en las disciplinas STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). Por ello, The Society of Women Engineers ha establecido dos metas de política pública para el presente año fiscal norteamericano:
1. El fortalecimiento de las escuelas de América respecto de ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas, y la necesidad de una fuerza laboral tecnológicamente alfabetizada [PDF]. Y,
2. La aplicación del Título IX a los campos de Ciencia, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemáticas [PDF].
Muchas mujeres y niñas de todo el mundo están excluidas de la participación en ciencia y tecnología, ya sea por pobreza y falta de educación (en todos los niveles), o por aspectos jurídicos, institucionales, políticos y culturales de su entorno. No es un accidente el que los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio promovidos por la ONU incluyan el PROMOVER LA IGUALDAD ENTRE LOS SEXOS Y EL EMPODERAMIENTO DE LA MUJER.
Sin ser una experta en temas de género, soy mujer y me muevo en un mundo de hombres desde que entré a estudiar ingeniería. Nunca volví a estar en una sala con más mujeres que hombres, o a compartir una reunión de trabajo con una representación equilibrada de ambos géneros. Soy profesional y cuento con herramientas sicológicas y formativas para velar por mi bienestar y el de mi hija, pero para muchas mujeres ese no es el caso, ni en Chile ni en otros países del mundo, como lo indica UNESCO en Science, technology and Gender [PDF]. Por eso, aunque much@s colegas se resistan, creo que es importante estudiarlo y analizarlo hasta que sea natural, se supere, y deje de ser un tema. Mientras llega ese día, tenemos mucho por revisar.
Continuará…
Verónica Achá — Ingeniero C. en computación, U. de Chile. M.Sc. in Public Policy and Mgmt., Carnegie Mellon U.. Más información » Follow @veronicaacha
Lo que ellas piensan sobre la computación...
En una encuesta realizada por la ACM y financiada por la NSF en EE.UU., se le preguntó a niños y niñas lo primero que se les venía a la cabeza cuando veían o escuchaban la palabra "computing". Las respuestas más frecuentes de niños fueron "design", "games" y "video"; mientras las de las niñas fueron "boring", "hard" y "nerd" (http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Management/OMG-Computer-Careers-Big-Turnoff-for-High-School-Girls-282953/). Da realmente para pensar...
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Cristian 'Tama' Bravo-Lillo
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y qué pasa con la discriminación positiva?
Se habla mucho de igualdad de oportunidades, de nivelar el poder entre sexos...pero que pasa con la respuesta que algunos países han tomado promulgando el fenomeno de discriminacion positiva.
En Holanda es un tema de mucha discusión, ya que, aunque visto como una posible forma de aumentar la participación femenina en el area de las ciencias, genera una gran molestia en grupos (sobre todo mas feministas) al percibir estas practicas como un insulto a la mujer, ya que se le trata como grupo debil que necesita ayuda especial para hacer lo que los hombres pueden hacer sin esa ayuda.
un economista diría que trata de corregir imperfecciones
Respeto el que para algun@s pueda resultar un insulto, pero me parece que hay ocasiones donde la evidencia muestra que el mercado tiene imperfecciones que históricamente no se han corregido solas, y se debe intervenir. Con responsabilidad. Por plazos acotados y adoptando medidas concretas y medibles. Con todo el cuidado que se requiera para mejorar las cosas en lugar de empeorarlas.
Las discriminaciones positivas, en cualquier ámbito, deben ser acotadas en el tiempo.
¿Dónde intervenir? es la pregunta que me hace más sentido.
Y ese dónde incluye no sólo ámbito de la sociedad, sino también región del mundo. La respuesta no será la misma en Holanda que en Chile.
Ayer escuchaba a periodistas de Canal 13 diciendo que la culpa la tenían las propias mujeres por enseñar a las niñas a cocinar mientras sus hermanos veían televisión. ¿Será eso? Yo aprendí a cocinar bastante más que mi hermano, es cierto, pero ambos somos ingenieros. ¿Si él fuera el hermano mayor, sería yo ingeniera?
Un ámbito donde no tengo dudas de que se requiere alguna intervención sistemática es a nivel de la enseñanza básica y media, para controlar de manera conciente los mensajes sexistas que se entreguen a los alumnos. Por ejemplo, un profesor de física en Dallas, EEUU, descubrió que en sus clases cuando un niño interrumpía a una niña mientras estaba hablando, él lo permitía, enviando un mensaje respecto de la importancia de uno sobre la otra.
Saludos.
---
Verónica Achá Alvarez
discriminacion positiva
aunque entiendo el argumento y por lo tanto el "insulto", de igual forma rechazo esa argumentacion.
Cualquier grupo etnico/politico/social minoritario podría argumentar lo mismo para que no le den ningun beneficio en una sociedad de otra mayoria.
incluso eso daría pie (digo daría pie no digo que justificaría) politicas tipo apartheid. algo asi como:
"los africanos no necesitan ningun tipo de ayuda/ni cuotas/ni representacion/ni nada porque no son debiles y por lo tanto deben seguir en felices en su tipo de sociedad ancestral."
o tambien podrian justificar la situación antes de la revolucion francesa: "para que le vamos a dar acceso al poder a los siervos, si viven tienen toda la libertad de hacer lo que quieran y no son intrinsecamente mas debiles que los que gobiernan, todos somos humanos"
La ideas no son buenas ni malas, sólo lo son dependiendo de las cirscunstancias., lo que se pretende es tratar de deshacer una desigualdad historica en muchas sociedades occidentales. Si la representacion de hombre-mujeres fuera equilibrada obviamente la idea sería mala ya que efectivamente se estaría ayudando sin ser necesario.
Pero si hay un 2% de mujeres en un área y se les discrimina negativamente sólo por el hecho de ser mujer, entonces la idea es buena ya que permite emparejar la injusta situacion.
—Mig.
Manzana Mecánica: ¿Como quieres inmortalizar tu cultura?
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Los científicos no están preparados ...
Como indica Carlos, a que juegas cuando niño o niña defina una gran cantidad de habilidades. Me parece que una de las principales habilidades de las niñas, que me parece será lo que las diferencie como científicas, está en su capacidad de observar el lenguajear de otros y darse cuenta de que el otro habla desde una perspectiva diferente: el simple juego de las muñeas tiene un relato asombroso y complejo (no se trata solo de vestidos), esta misma experiencia está ausente en los niños-hombre y por tanto su capacidad de observar desde múltiples perspectivas no está desarrollada.
En este contexto es interesante recordar el replanteamiento que hace el profesor Maturana de la aproximación del Método Científico que utilizan los científicos: "las explicaciones científicas son las explicaciones que socialmente aceptan los científicos" y que expone en su libro "La Objetividad un argumento para obligar [al otro]". Mirando los procesos de "convergencia" actuales y la necesidad de conciliación de cabos y extremos sueltos generados por la fragmentación y una especialización mal entendida, una mirada múltiple sobre el fenómeno que se explica puede ayudar a que las mujeres encuentre su posición en la ciencia de este siglo. Decididamente debemos abordar los hoyos de nuestra manera de observar: incertidumbre, relatividad, incompletitud e indecidibilidad, deben dejar de ser los teoremas apócrifos de la ciencia y tecnología, los que seguramente nos parecen disfuncionales por la aproximación cultural desde donde todos partimos cuando niños, que promueve lo certero, lo absoluto, lo completo y decidible.
Las científicas pueden ser la solución de muchos de nuestras dicotomías y contradicciones.
saludos
José pepe Flores
Aspectos culturales
Una parte importante son diferencias que comienzan en la casa, desde el tipo de juguetes que se le regalan a niños y niñas, hasta el tipo de temas que entran en la conversación cuando se habla del futuro del niño o niña.
Mientras a ese nivel las cosas no haya más equilibrio, será difícil saber qué tanto son estereotipos creados y qué tanto diferencias sexuales reales.
—ChaTo
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